Getting Started with Java IDL: Developing a Client Application

This topic introduces the basics of writing a CORBA client application. Included in this lesson are:

1. Creating HelloClient.java
2. Understanding HelloClient.java
3. Compiling HelloClient.java

To create HelloClient.java,

1. Start your text editor and create a file named HelloClient.java in your main project directory, Hello.

2. Enter the following code for HelloClient.java in the text file. The following section, Understanding HelloClient.java, explains each line of code in some detail.

   HelloClient.java

   // Copyright and License 
    
   import HelloApp.*;
   import org.omg.CosNaming.*;
   import org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextPackage.*;
   import org.omg.CORBA.*;
   
   public class HelloClient
   {
     static Hello helloImpl;
   
     public static void main(String args[])
       {
         try{
           // create and initialize the ORB
   	ORB orb = ORB.init(args, null);
   
           // get the root naming context
           org.omg.CORBA.Object objRef = 
   	    orb.resolve_initial_references("NameService");
           // Use NamingContextExt instead of NamingContext. This is 
           // part of the Interoperable naming Service.  
           NamingContextExt ncRef = NamingContextExtHelper.narrow(objRef);
    
           // resolve the Object Reference in Naming
           String name = "Hello";
           helloImpl = HelloHelper.narrow(ncRef.resolve_str(name));
   
           System.out.println("Obtained a handle on server object: " + helloImpl);
           System.out.println(helloImpl.sayHello());
           helloImpl.shutdown();
   
   	} catch (Exception e) {
             System.out.println("ERROR : " + e) ;
   	  e.printStackTrace(System.out);
   	  }
       }
   
   }
    

3. Save and close HelloClient.java.

This section explains each line of HelloClient.java, describing what the code does, as well as why it is needed for this application.

Performing Basic Setup

The basic shell of a CORBA client is the same as many Java applications: You import required library packages, declare the application class, define a main method, and handle exceptions.

Importing Required Packages

First, we import the packages required for the client class:

import HelloApp.*; // the package containing our stubs
import org.omg.CosNaming.*; // HelloClient will use the Naming Service
import org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextPackage.*;
import org.omg.CORBA.*; // All CORBA applications need these classes

The next step is to declare the client class:

public class HelloClient
{
  // The main() method goes here.
}

Every Java application needs a main() method. It is declared within the scope of the HelloClient class, as follows:

  public static void main(String args[])
  {
    // The try-catch block goes here.
  }

Because all CORBA programs can throw CORBA system exceptions at runtime, all of the main() functionality is placed within a try-catch block. CORBA programs throw system exceptions whenever trouble occurs during any of the processes (marshaling, unmarshaling, upcall) involved in invocation.

Our exception handler simply prints the name of the exception and its stack trace to standard output so you can see what kind of thing has gone wrong.

The try-catch block is set up inside main(),

    try{
    
      // Add the rest of the HelloClient code here.
    
    } catch(Exception e) {
        System.out.println("ERROR : " + e);
        e.printStackTrace(System.out);
      }

A CORBA client needs a local ORB object to perform all of its marshaling and IIOP work. Every client instantiates an org.omg.CORBA.ORB object and initializes it by passing to the object certain information about itself.

The ORB variable is declared and initialized inside the try-catch block.

	ORB orb = ORB.init(args, null);

The call to the ORB's init() method passes in your application's command line arguments, allowing you to set certain properties at runtime.

Finding the Hello Server

Now that the application has an ORB, it can ask the ORB to locate the actual service it needs, in this case the Hello server. There are a number of ways for a CORBA client to get an initial object reference; our client application will use the COS Naming Service specified by OMG and provided with Java IDL. See Using Stringified Object References for information on how to get an initial object reference when there is no naming service available.

The two options for Naming Services shipped with J2SE v.1.4 are orbd, which is a daemon process containing a Bootstrap Service, a Transient Naming Service, a Persistent Naming Service, and a Server Manager, and tnameserv, a transient naming service. This example uses orbd.

Obtaining the Initial Naming Context

The first step in using the naming service is to get the initial naming context. In the try-catch block, below your ORB initialization, you call orb.resolve_initial_references() to get an object reference to the name server:

        org.omg.CORBA.Object objRef = 
            orb.resolve_initial_references("NameService");

The string "NameService" is defined for all CORBA ORBs. When you pass in that string, the ORB returns the initial naming context, an object reference to the name service. The string "NameService" indicates:

• The persistent naming service will be used when using ORBD as the naming service.
• The transient naming service will be used when using tnameserv as the naming service.

The string "TNameService" indicates that the transient naming service will be used when ORBD is the naming service. In this example, we are using the persistent naming service that is a part of orbd.

Narrowing the Object Reference

As with all CORBA object references, objRef is a generic CORBA object. To use it as a NamingContextExt object, you must narrow it to its proper type.

        NamingContextExt ncRef = NamingContextExtHelper.narrow(objRef);

Here we see the use of an idlj-generated helper class, similar in function to HelloHelper. The ncRef object is now an org.omg.CosNaming.NamingContextExt and you can use it to access the naming service and find other services. You will do that in the next step.

The NamingContextExt object is new to J2SE v.1.4, and is part of the Interoperable Naming Service specification.

Resolve the Object Reference in Naming

To publish a reference in the Naming Service to the Hello object implementing the Hello interface, you first need an identifying string for the Hello object.

      String name = "Hello";

Finally, we pass name to the naming service's resolve_str() method to get an object reference to the Hello server and narrow it to a Hello object:

        helloImpl = HelloHelper.narrow(ncRef.resolve-str(name));
        System.out.println("Obtained a handle on server object: " + helloImpl);     

Here you see the HelloHelper helper class at work. The resolve-str() method returns a generic CORBA object as you saw above when locating the name service itself. Therefore, you immediately narrow it to a Hello object, which is the object reference you need to perform the rest of your work. Then, you send a message to the screen confirming that the object reference has been obtained.

Invoking the sayHello() Operation

CORBA invocations look like a method call on a local object. The complications of marshaling parameters to the wire, routing them to the server-side ORB, unmarshaling, and placing the upcall to the server method are completely transparent to the client programmer. Because so much is done for you by generated code, invocation is really the easiest part of CORBA programming.

Finally, we print the results of the invocation to standard output and explicitly shutdown the ORB:

        System.out.println(helloImpl.sayHello());
        helloImpl.shutdown();

Now we will compile HelloClient.java so that we can correct any errors before continuing with this tutorial.

Windows users note that you should substitute backslashes (\) for the slashes (/) in all paths in this document.

To compile HelloClient.java,

1. Change to the Hello directory.

2. Run the Java compiler on HelloClient.java:

   javac HelloClient.java HelloApp/*.java
   

3. Correct any errors in your file and recompile if necessary.
4. The HelloClient.class is generated to the Hello directory.

Developing Clients

Covers topics of interest to CORBA client programmers

Exceptions: System Exceptions

Explains how CORBA system exceptions work and provides details on the minor codes of Java IDL's system exceptions

Initialization:  System Properties

Explains what properties can be passed to the ORB at initialization

Naming Service

Covers the COS Naming Service in greater detail