java.math
Class BigDecimal

java.lang.Object
  |
  +--java.lang.Number
        |
        +--java.math.BigDecimal

All Implemented Interfaces:

Comparable, Serializable

public class BigDecimal

extends Number

implements Comparable

Immutable, arbitrary-precision signed decimal numbers. A BigDecimal consists of an arbitrary precision integer unscaled value and a non-negative 32-bit integer scale, which represents the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. The number represented by the BigDecimal is (unscaledValue/10^scale). BigDecimal provides operations for basic arithmetic, scale manipulation, comparison, hashing, and format conversion.

The BigDecimal class gives its user complete control over rounding behavior, forcing the user to explicitly specify a rounding behavior for operations capable of discarding precision (divide(BigDecimal, int), divide(BigDecimal, int, int), and setScale(int, int)). Eight rounding modes are provided for this purpose.

Two types of operations are provided for manipulating the scale of a BigDecimal: scaling/rounding operations and decimal point motion operations. Scaling/rounding operations (setScale) return a BigDecimal whose value is approximately (or exactly) equal to that of the operand, but whose scale is the specified value; that is, they increase or decrease the precision of the number with minimal effect on its value. Decimal point motion operations (movePointLeft(int) and movePointRight(int)) return a BigDecimal created from the operand by moving the decimal point a specified distance in the specified direction; that is, they change a number's value without affecting its precision.

For the sake of brevity and clarity, pseudo-code is used throughout the descriptions of BigDecimal methods. The pseudo-code expression (i + j) is shorthand for "a BigDecimal whose value is that of the BigDecimal i plus that of the BigDecimal j." The pseudo-code expression (i == j) is shorthand for "true if and only if the BigDecimal i represents the same value as the the BigDecimal j." Other pseudo-code expressions are interpreted similarly.

Note: care should be exercised if BigDecimals are to be used as keys in a SortedMap or elements in a SortedSet, as BigDecimal's natural ordering is inconsistent with equals. See Comparable, SortedMap or SortedSet for more information.

All methods and constructors for this class throw NullPointerException when passed a null object reference for any input parameter.

See Also:

BigInteger, SortedMap, SortedSet, Serialized Form

Field Summary

static int	ROUND_CEILING Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity.
static int	ROUND_DOWN Rounding mode to round towards zero.
static int	ROUND_FLOOR Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity.
static int	ROUND_HALF_DOWN Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round down.
static int	ROUND_HALF_EVEN Rounding mode to round towards the "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round towards the even neighbor.
static int	ROUND_HALF_UP Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up.
static int	ROUND_UNNECESSARY Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact result, hence no rounding is necessary.
static int	ROUND_UP Rounding mode to round away from zero.

Constructor Summary

BigDecimal(BigInteger val)
Translates a BigInteger into a BigDecimal.

BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal, int scale)
Translates a BigInteger unscaled value and an int scale into a BigDecimal.

BigDecimal(double val)
Translates a double into a BigDecimal.

BigDecimal(String val)
Translates the String representation of a BigDecimal into a BigDecimal.

Method Summary

BigDecimal	abs() Returns a BigDecimal whose value is the absolute value of this BigDecimal, and whose scale is this.scale().
BigDecimal	add(BigDecimal val) Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this + val), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), val.scale()).
int	compareTo(BigDecimal val) Compares this BigDecimal with the specified BigDecimal.
int	compareTo(Object o) Compares this BigDecimal with the specified Object.
BigDecimal	divide(BigDecimal val, int roundingMode) Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / val), and whose scale is this.scale().
BigDecimal	divide(BigDecimal val, int scale, int roundingMode) Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / val), and whose scale is as specified.
double	doubleValue() Converts this BigDecimal to a double.
boolean	equals(Object x) Compares this BigDecimal with the specified Object for equality.
float	floatValue() Converts this BigDecimal to a float.
int	hashCode() Returns the hash code for this BigDecimal.
int	intValue() Converts this BigDecimal to an int.
long	longValue() Converts this BigDecimal to a long.
BigDecimal	max(BigDecimal val) Returns the maximum of this BigDecimal and val.
BigDecimal	min(BigDecimal val) Returns the minimum of this BigDecimal and val.
BigDecimal	movePointLeft(int n) Returns a BigDecimal which is equivalent to this one with the decimal point moved n places to the left.
BigDecimal	movePointRight(int n) Moves the decimal point the specified number of places to the right.
BigDecimal	multiply(BigDecimal val) Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this * val), and whose scale is (this.scale() + val.scale()).
BigDecimal	negate() Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (-this), and whose scale is this.scale().
int	scale() Returns the scale of this BigDecimal.
BigDecimal	setScale(int scale) Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose value is numerically equal to this BigDecimal's.
BigDecimal	setScale(int scale, int roundingMode) Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing this BigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.
int	signum() Returns the signum function of this BigDecimal.
BigDecimal	subtract(BigDecimal val) Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this - val), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), val.scale()).
BigInteger	toBigInteger() Converts this BigDecimal to a BigInteger.
String	toString() Returns the string representation of this BigDecimal.
BigInteger	unscaledValue() Returns a BigInteger whose value is the unscaled value of this BigDecimal.
static BigDecimal	valueOf(long val) Translates a long value into a BigDecimal with a scale of zero.
static BigDecimal	valueOf(long unscaledVal, int scale) Translates a long unscaled value and an int scale into a BigDecimal.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Number

byteValue, shortValue

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

clone, finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Field Detail

ROUND_UP

public static final int ROUND_UP

Rounding mode to round away from zero. Always increments the digit prior to a non-zero discarded fraction. Note that this rounding mode never decreases the magnitude of the calculated value.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_DOWN

public static final int ROUND_DOWN

Rounding mode to round towards zero. Never increments the digit prior to a discarded fraction (i.e., truncates). Note that this rounding mode never increases the magnitude of the calculated value.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_CEILING

public static final int ROUND_CEILING

Rounding mode to round towards positive infinity. If the BigDecimal is positive, behaves as for ROUND_UP; if negative, behaves as for ROUND_DOWN. Note that this rounding mode never decreases the calculated value.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_FLOOR

public static final int ROUND_FLOOR

Rounding mode to round towards negative infinity. If the BigDecimal is positive, behave as for ROUND_DOWN; if negative, behave as for ROUND_UP. Note that this rounding mode never increases the calculated value.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_HALF_UP

public static final int ROUND_HALF_UP

Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round up. Behaves as for ROUND_UP if the discarded fraction is >= .5; otherwise, behaves as for ROUND_DOWN. Note that this is the rounding mode that most of us were taught in grade school.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_HALF_DOWN

public static final int ROUND_HALF_DOWN

Rounding mode to round towards "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case round down. Behaves as for ROUND_UP if the discarded fraction is > .5; otherwise, behaves as for ROUND_DOWN.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_HALF_EVEN

public static final int ROUND_HALF_EVEN

Rounding mode to round towards the "nearest neighbor" unless both neighbors are equidistant, in which case, round towards the even neighbor. Behaves as for ROUND_HALF_UP if the digit to the left of the discarded fraction is odd; behaves as for ROUND_HALF_DOWN if it's even. Note that this is the rounding mode that minimizes cumulative error when applied repeatedly over a sequence of calculations.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

ROUND_UNNECESSARY

public static final int ROUND_UNNECESSARY

Rounding mode to assert that the requested operation has an exact result, hence no rounding is necessary. If this rounding mode is specified on an operation that yields an inexact result, an ArithmeticException is thrown.

See Also:

Constant Field Values

Constructor Detail

BigDecimal

public BigDecimal(String val)

Translates the String representation of a BigDecimal into a BigDecimal. The String representation consists of an optional sign, '+' ('\u002B') or '-' ('\u002D'), followed by a sequence of zero or more decimal digits ("the integer"), optionally followed by a fraction, optionally followed by an exponent.

The fraction consists of of a decimal point followed by zero or more decimal digits. The string must contain at least one digit in either the integer or the fraction. The number formed by the sign, the integer and the fraction is referred to as the significand.

The exponent consists of the character 'e' ('\u0075') or 'E' ('\u0045') followed by one or more decimal digits. The value of the exponent must lie between -Integer.MAX_VALUE (Integer.MIN_VALUE+1) and Integer.MAX_VALUE, inclusive.

More formally, the strings this constructor accepts are described by the following grammar:

BigDecimalString:

Sign_opt Significand Exponent_opt

Sign:

+

-

Significand:

IntegerPart . FractionPart_opt

. FractionPart

IntegerPart

IntegerPart:

Digits

FractionPart:

Digits

Exponent:

ExponentIndicator SignedInteger

ExponentIndicator:

e

E

SignedInteger:

Sign_opt Digits

Digits:

Digit

Digits Digit

Digit:

any character for which Character.isDigit(char) returns true, including 0, 1, 2 ...

The scale of the returned BigDecimal will be the number of digits in the fraction, or zero if the string contains no decimal point, subject to adjustment for any exponent: If the string contains an exponent, the exponent is subtracted from the scale. If the resulting scale is negative, the scale of the returned BigDecimal is zero and the unscaled value is multiplied by the appropriate power of ten so that, in every case, the resulting BigDecimal is equal to significand × 10^exponent. (If in the future this specification is amended to permit negative scales, the final step of zeroing the scale and adjusting the unscaled value will be eliminated.)

The character-to-digit mapping is provided by Character.digit(char, int) set to convert to radix 10. The String may not contain any extraneous characters (whitespace, for example).

Note: For values other float and double NaN and ±Infinity, this constructor is compatible with the values returned by Float.toString(float) and Double.toString(double). This is generally the preferred way to convert a float or double into a BigDecimal, as it doesn't suffer from the unpredictability of the BigDecimal(double) constructor.

Note: the optional leading plus sign and trailing exponent were added in release 1.3.

Parameters:

val - String representation of BigDecimal.

Throws:

NumberFormatException - val is not a valid representation of a BigDecimal.

BigDecimal

public BigDecimal(double val)

Translates a double into a BigDecimal. The scale of the BigDecimal is the smallest value such that (10^scale * val) is an integer.

Note: the results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable. One might assume that new BigDecimal(.1) is exactly equal to .1, but it is actually equal to .1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625. This is so because .1 cannot be represented exactly as a double (or, for that matter, as a binary fraction of any finite length). Thus, the long value that is being passed in to the constructor is not exactly equal to .1, appearances nonwithstanding.

The (String) constructor, on the other hand, is perfectly predictable: new BigDecimal(".1") is exactly equal to .1, as one would expect. Therefore, it is generally recommended that the (String) constructor be used in preference to this one.

Parameters:

val - double value to be converted to BigDecimal.

Throws:

NumberFormatException - val is equal to Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, or Double.NaN.

BigDecimal

public BigDecimal(BigInteger val)

Translates a BigInteger into a BigDecimal. The scale of the BigDecimal is zero.

Parameters:

val - BigInteger value to be converted to BigDecimal.

BigDecimal

public BigDecimal(BigInteger unscaledVal,
                  int scale)

Translates a BigInteger unscaled value and an int scale into a BigDecimal. The value of the BigDecimal is (unscaledVal/10^scale).

Parameters:

unscaledVal - unscaled value of the BigDecimal.

scale - scale of the BigDecimal.

Throws:

NumberFormatException - scale is negative

Method Detail

valueOf

public static BigDecimal valueOf(long unscaledVal,
                                 int scale)

Translates a long unscaled value and an int scale into a BigDecimal. This "static factory method" is provided in preference to a (long, int) constructor because it allows for reuse of frequently used BigDecimals.

Parameters:

unscaledVal - unscaled value of the BigDecimal.

scale - scale of the BigDecimal.

Returns:

a BigDecimal whose value is (unscaledVal/10^scale).

valueOf

public static BigDecimal valueOf(long val)

Translates a long value into a BigDecimal with a scale of zero. This "static factory method" is provided in preference to a (long) constructor because it allows for reuse of frequently used BigDecimals.

Parameters:

val - value of the BigDecimal.

Returns:

a BigDecimal whose value is val.

add

public BigDecimal add(BigDecimal val)

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this + val), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), val.scale()).

Parameters:

val - value to be added to this BigDecimal.

Returns:

this + val

subtract

public BigDecimal subtract(BigDecimal val)

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this - val), and whose scale is max(this.scale(), val.scale()).

Parameters:

val - value to be subtracted from this BigDecimal.

Returns:

this - val

multiply

public BigDecimal multiply(BigDecimal val)

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this * val), and whose scale is (this.scale() + val.scale()).

Parameters:

val - value to be multiplied by this BigDecimal.

Returns:

this * val

divide

public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal val,
                         int scale,
                         int roundingMode)

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / val), and whose scale is as specified. If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the specified scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.

Parameters:

val - value by which this BigDecimal is to be divided.

scale - scale of the BigDecimal quotient to be returned.

roundingMode - rounding mode to apply.

Returns:

this / val

Throws:

ArithmeticException - val is zero, scale is negative, or roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY and the specified scale is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.

IllegalArgumentException - roundingMode does not represent a valid rounding mode.

See Also:

ROUND_UP, ROUND_DOWN, ROUND_CEILING, ROUND_FLOOR, ROUND_HALF_UP, ROUND_HALF_DOWN, ROUND_HALF_EVEN, ROUND_UNNECESSARY

divide

public BigDecimal divide(BigDecimal val,
                         int roundingMode)

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (this / val), and whose scale is this.scale(). If rounding must be performed to generate a result with the given scale, the specified rounding mode is applied.

Parameters:

val - value by which this BigDecimal is to be divided.

roundingMode - rounding mode to apply.

Returns:

this / val

Throws:

ArithmeticException - val==0, or roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY and this.scale() is insufficient to represent the result of the division exactly.

IllegalArgumentException - roundingMode does not represent a valid rounding mode.

See Also:

ROUND_UP, ROUND_DOWN, ROUND_CEILING, ROUND_FLOOR, ROUND_HALF_UP, ROUND_HALF_DOWN, ROUND_HALF_EVEN, ROUND_UNNECESSARY

abs

public BigDecimal abs()

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is the absolute value of this BigDecimal, and whose scale is this.scale().

Returns:

abs(this)

negate

public BigDecimal negate()

Returns a BigDecimal whose value is (-this), and whose scale is this.scale().

Returns:

-this

signum

public int signum()

Returns the signum function of this BigDecimal.

Returns:

-1, 0 or 1 as the value of this BigDecimal is negative, zero or positive.

scale

public int scale()

Returns the scale of this BigDecimal. (The scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.)

Returns:

the scale of this BigDecimal.

unscaledValue

public BigInteger unscaledValue()

Returns a BigInteger whose value is the unscaled value of this BigDecimal. (Computes (this * 10^this.scale()).)

Returns:

the unscaled value of this BigDecimal.

Since:

1.2

setScale

public BigDecimal setScale(int scale,
                           int roundingMode)

Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing this BigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value. If the scale is reduced by the operation, the unscaled value must be divided (rather than multiplied), and the value may be changed; in this case, the specified rounding mode is applied to the division.

Parameters:

scale - scale of the BigDecimal value to be returned.

roundingMode - The rounding mode to apply.

Returns:

a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing this BigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.

Throws:

ArithmeticException - scale is negative, or roundingMode==ROUND_UNNECESSARY and the specified scaling operation would require rounding.

IllegalArgumentException - roundingMode does not represent a valid rounding mode.

See Also:

ROUND_UP, ROUND_DOWN, ROUND_CEILING, ROUND_FLOOR, ROUND_HALF_UP, ROUND_HALF_DOWN, ROUND_HALF_EVEN, ROUND_UNNECESSARY

setScale

public BigDecimal setScale(int scale)

Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose value is numerically equal to this BigDecimal's. Throws an ArithmeticException if this is not possible. This call is typically used to increase the scale, in which case it is guaranteed that there exists a BigDecimal of the specified scale and the correct value. The call can also be used to reduce the scale if the caller knows that the BigDecimal has sufficiently many zeros at the end of its fractional part (i.e., factors of ten in its integer value) to allow for the rescaling without loss of precision.

Note that this call returns the same result as the two argument version of setScale, but saves the caller the trouble of specifying a rounding mode in cases where it is irrelevant.

Parameters:

scale - scale of the BigDecimal value to be returned.

Returns:

a BigDecimal whose scale is the specified value, and whose unscaled value is determined by multiplying or dividing this BigDecimal's unscaled value by the appropriate power of ten to maintain its overall value.

Throws:

ArithmeticException - scale is negative, or the specified scaling operation would require rounding.

See Also:

setScale(int, int)

movePointLeft

public BigDecimal movePointLeft(int n)

Returns a BigDecimal which is equivalent to this one with the decimal point moved n places to the left. If n is non-negative, the call merely adds n to the scale. If n is negative, the call is equivalent to movePointRight(-n). (The BigDecimal returned by this call has value (this * 10^-n) and scale max(this.scale()+n, 0).)

Parameters:

n - number of places to move the decimal point to the left.

Returns:

a BigDecimal which is equivalent to this one with the decimal point moved n places to the left.

movePointRight

public BigDecimal movePointRight(int n)

Moves the decimal point the specified number of places to the right. If this BigDecimal's scale is >= n, the call merely subtracts n from the scale; otherwise, it sets the scale to zero, and multiplies the integer value by 10^{(n - this.scale)}. If n is negative, the call is equivalent to movePointLeft(-n). (The BigDecimal returned by this call has value (this * 10ⁿ) and scale max(this.scale()-n, 0).)

Parameters:

n - number of places to move the decimal point to the right.

Returns:

a BigDecimal which is equivalent to this one with the decimal point moved n places to the right.

compareTo

public int compareTo(BigDecimal val)

Compares this BigDecimal with the specified BigDecimal. Two BigDecimals that are equal in value but have a different scale (like 2.0 and 2.00) are considered equal by this method. This method is provided in preference to individual methods for each of the six boolean comparison operators (<, ==, >, >=, !=, <=). The suggested idiom for performing these comparisons is: (x.compareTo(y) <op> 0), where <op> is one of the six comparison operators.

Parameters:

val - BigDecimal to which this BigDecimal is to be compared.

Returns:

-1, 0 or 1 as this BigDecimal is numerically less than, equal to, or greater than val.

compareTo

public int compareTo(Object o)

Compares this BigDecimal with the specified Object. If the Object is a BigDecimal, this method behaves like compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal). Otherwise, it throws a ClassCastException (as BigDecimals are comparable only to other BigDecimals).

Specified by:

compareTo in interface Comparable

Parameters:

o - Object to which this BigDecimal is to be compared.

Returns:

a negative number, zero, or a positive number as this BigDecimal is numerically less than, equal to, or greater than o, which must be a BigDecimal.

Throws:

ClassCastException - o is not a BigDecimal.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal), Comparable

equals

public boolean equals(Object x)

Compares this BigDecimal with the specified Object for equality. Unlike compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal), this method considers two BigDecimals equal only if they are equal in value and scale (thus 2.0 is not equal to 2.00 when compared by this method).

Overrides:

equals in class Object

Parameters:

x - Object to which this BigDecimal is to be compared.

Returns:

true if and only if the specified Object is a BigDecimal whose value and scale are equal to this BigDecimal's.

See Also:

compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)

min

public BigDecimal min(BigDecimal val)

Returns the minimum of this BigDecimal and val.

Parameters:

val - value with with the minimum is to be computed.

Returns:

the BigDecimal whose value is the lesser of this BigDecimal and val. If they are equal, as defined by the compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal) method, either may be returned.

See Also:

compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)

max

public BigDecimal max(BigDecimal val)

Returns the maximum of this BigDecimal and val.

Parameters:

val - value with with the maximum is to be computed.

Returns:

the BigDecimal whose value is the greater of this BigDecimal and val. If they are equal, as defined by the compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal) method, either may be returned.

See Also:

compareTo(java.math.BigDecimal)

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Returns the hash code for this BigDecimal. Note that two BigDecimals that are numerically equal but differ in scale (like 2.0 and 2.00) will generally not have the same hash code.

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

Returns:

hash code for this BigDecimal.

See Also:

Object.equals(java.lang.Object), Hashtable

toString

public String toString()

Returns the string representation of this BigDecimal. The digit-to- character mapping provided by Character.forDigit(int, int) is used. A leading minus sign is used to indicate sign, and the number of digits to the right of the decimal point is used to indicate scale. (This representation is compatible with the (String) constructor.)

Overrides:

toString in class Object

Returns:

String representation of this BigDecimal.

See Also:

Character.forDigit(int, int), BigDecimal(java.lang.String)

toBigInteger

public BigInteger toBigInteger()

Converts this BigDecimal to a BigInteger. Standard narrowing primitive conversion as defined in The Java Language Specification: any fractional part of this BigDecimal will be discarded.

Returns:

this BigDecimal converted to a BigInteger.

intValue

public int intValue()

Converts this BigDecimal to an int. This is standard narrowing primitive conversion as defined in The Java Language Specification: any fractional part of this BigDecimal will be discarded, and if the resulting "BigInteger" is too big to fit in an int, only the low-order 32 bits are returned.

Specified by:

intValue in class Number

Returns:

this BigDecimal converted to an int.

longValue

public long longValue()

Converts this BigDecimal to a long. This is standard narrowing primitive conversion as defined in The Java Language Specification: any fractional part of this BigDecimal will be discarded, and if the resulting "BigInteger" is too big to fit in a long, only the low-order 64 bits are returned.

Specified by:

longValue in class Number

Returns:

this BigDecimal converted to an int.

floatValue

public float floatValue()

Converts this BigDecimal to a float. Similar to the double-to-float narrowing primitive conversion defined in The Java Language Specification: if this BigDecimal has too great a magnitude to represent as a float, it will be converted to Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY or Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY as appropriate.

Specified by:

floatValue in class Number

Returns:

this BigDecimal converted to a float.

doubleValue

public double doubleValue()

Converts this BigDecimal to a double. Similar to the double-to-float narrowing primitive conversion defined in The Java Language Specification: if this BigDecimal has too great a magnitude to represent as a double, it will be converted to Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY or Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY as appropriate.

Specified by:

doubleValue in class Number

Returns:

this BigDecimal converted to a double.